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Mauricio Funes

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
In this Spanish name, the first or paternal surname is Funes and the second or maternal family name is Cartagena.

His Excellency[1]
Mauricio Funes
Funes during an official trip to Brasilia to meet President Lula, May 2008
Funes in 2008
79th President of El Salvador
In office
1 June 2009 – 1 June 2014
Vice PresidentSalvador Sánchez Cerén
Preceded byAntonio Saca
Succeeded bySalvador Sánchez Cerén
Personal details
Born
Carlos Mauricio Funes Cartagena

(1959-10-18)18 October 1959
San Salvador, El Salvador
Died21 January 2025(2025-01-21) (aged 65)
Managua, Nicaragua
Citizenship
  • El Salvador
  • Nicaragua (from 2019)
Political partyFarabundo Martí National Liberation Front
Spouse
​
​
(m. 1993; sep. 2014)​
Domestic partnerAda Mitchell Guzmán (2014–2025)
Children4
Alma materCentral American University
OccupationPolitician, journalist
CabinetCabinet of Mauricio Funes

Carlos Mauricio Funes Cartagena (18 October 1959 – 21 January 2025) was a Salvadoran politician and journalist who served as the 79th president of El Salvador from 2009 to 2014. Funes won the 2009 presidential election as the candidate of the left-wing Farabundo Martí National Liberation Front (FMLN).

Funes resided in exile in Nicaragua from 2016 until his death, while his immediate family continues to reside there, following allegations of criminal conduct during his tenure. In July 2023, he was placed under sanctions by the U.S. State Department following his conviction in absentia for negotiations related to the gang truces he made while in office, illicit enrichment, and tax evasion.[2] Funes died in exile in Nicaragua in 2025.

Early life and education

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Carlos Mauricio Funes Cartagena[3]: 29  was born in San Salvador, El Salvador on 18 October 1959. Funes' parents were Roberto Funes and María Mirna and he had two brothers. Funes completed his high school diplomat at the Jesuit-run Externado San José and graduated as a Bachelor of Arts in Mass Media from the Central American University.[4]

Journalist career

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Funes started working as a news reporter for Channel 10 in February 1986. The following year, he started working for Channel 12. He worked as a news director and hosted The Daily Interview program. In 1991, Funes interviewed Schafik Hándal, a guerrilla leader of the Farabundo Martí National Liberation Front (FMLN) during the Salvadoran Civil War, resulting in Channel 12 losing advertisers and coming under public scrutiny.[4] In 1994, Funes was one of four winners of the Maria Moors Cabot Prize from Columbia University for "promoting press freedom and inter-American understanding".[5] He also received awards fromUNICEF and the Association of Salvadoran Journalists.[4] Funes also worked as a news corresponded for CNN en Español from 1997 to 2005.[6] Funes left Channel 12 in February 2005 and began working for channels owned by Grupo Megavisión.[4]

Presidential campaigns

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Funes sought to gain the FMLN's presidential nomination for the 2004 presidential election. His candidacy was opposed by senior FMLN leaders who argued that Funes was not a historic member of the FMLN and would not be able to unite the party behind his campaign. Funes' candidacy was vetoed by Hándal, by then party's secretary-general.[7]: 113  Hándal eventually became the party's nominee but lost to Antonio Saca of the right-wing Nationalist Republican Alliance (ARENA).[8]: 132 

Ahead of the 2009 presidential election, the reformist wing of the FMLN led by Óscar Ortiz proposed to selected Funes as its presidential candidate. Senior FMLN leadership accepted Ortiz's proposal on the condition that Salvador Sánchez Cerén, a former FMLN civil war guerrilla leader, would be Funes' vice presidential running mate. Some FMLN members questioned Funes' ideological commitment to the party but accepted Cerén being Funes' running mate as an acceptable concession.[7]: 113–114  Funes officially became the FMLN's presidential candidate on 28 September 2007 becoming the first non-guerrilla to be the party's presidential candidate.[9] His candidacy was registered with the Supreme Electoral Court (TSE) on 2 September 2008.[3]: 29 

Mauricio Funes at a presidential campaign event
Funes at a campaign rally

Funes' main opponent in the 2009 presidential election was ARENA's Rodrigo Ávila, the former chief of the National Civil Police (PNC).[10] The election was a two-way race between Funes and Ávila after the presidential candidates of the National Conciliation Party (PCN) and Christian Democratic Party both dropped out following poor results in the legislative and local elections two months before the presidential election.[3]: 30 

Funes modeled his presidential campaigned off of United States president Barack Obama, using his image in campaign advertisements and adopting Obama's slogan "Yes, we can!".[10] Funes campaigned on combatting tax evasion, creating jobs for Salvadoran expatriates returning from the United States, and investing in the country's agricultural industry.[11] Funes also promised to keep the United States dollar as El Salvador's official currency (dollarization occurred in 2001 under President Francisco Flores Pérez).[12] Ávila accused Funes of being a puppet for the FMLN's senior leadership[10] and other critics believed that Cerén would be the power behind the throne.[11] Critics also claimed that El Salvador would become a Venezuelan satellite state, which Funes denied.[13]

Funes won the 2009 presidential election with 1,354,000 votes (51.32 percent of the popular vote).[3]: 87  He was the first member of the FMLN to become President of El Salvador.[14]: 268  Funes' election coincided with the Pink Tide phenomenon of Latin America.[15]

Presidency

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Funes at the opening of a new pier at the La Unión port in 2010

Funes was inaugurated as President of El Salvador on 1 June 2009 marking the first peaceful transition of power since the end of the civil war.[15] That same day, Funes' first act as President was to reestablish diplomatic relations with Cuba after having been severed since the Cuban Revolution 50 years prior.[16] Funes also appointed cabinet consisting of 13 ministers.[17]

After coming to power, Funes's administration implemented a wide range of social reforms designed to combat poverty and inequality, including the institution of various poverty alleviation programs in the most impoverished communities,[18] the abolition of public health care fees,[19] the introduction of free shoes,[18] meals and uniforms for schoolchildren, the distribution of property titles to hundreds of families,[20] the introduction of monthly cash transfers and job training for those living in extreme poverty, and pensions for the elderly.[21] In addition, investments were made in improving school infrastructure,[22] a presidential decree was issued against discrimination on the basis of gender and sexual orientation in the public services, two working groups on indigenous affairs were created as a means of bringing about better representation of the interests of El Salvador's indigenous communities,[23] a community health plan was introduced,[24] teachers' salaries were increased, and measures were introduced to combat illiteracy.[25]

In November 2009, Funes had to face the natural disaster that greatly affected communities in Cuscatlán, San Salvador and San Vicente as a result of the rain brought by Hurricane Ida. A community in San Vicente called Verapaz disappeared because it was buried by huge rocks that fell from the nearby volcano. Civil Protection, which is the government entity in charge of handling catastrophes, rehabilitated public schools in which refugees stayed for more than three months while they found a place to stay from family or friends. The Army and the Red Cross of El Salvador rescued many people from the communities.[26][27]

Funes was criticized[28] for lack of a plan to fight El Salvador's increased crime. In response, the President ordered the deployment of the army to cooperate with police authorities in their fight against crime.[29] In 2010, there were reports of death squads operating in El Salvador, due in part to a lack of response of the police.[30]

In January 2010, after a public denouncement of Funes's former cabinet member Francisco Gómez, Salvadoran media uncovered plans whereby almost all government publicity and advertising were to be handled, without any previous public tendering process (as required by Salvadoran Law), by advertising agency Polistepeque, S.A. de C.V. Some advisers to the president were members of its board of directors, and allegedly Funes himself had some participation through stock in that agency.[31] In response, Funes said no other advertising agency in El Salvador had the experience or capacity to manage government publicity and advertising, despite the fact that El Salvador has many local and international advertising agencies such as BBDO.[32][33]

In 2016, Funes denied giving perks to gangs during the 2012–14 truce.[34]

Apologies for past atrocities

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In November 2009, Funes posthumously bestowed the National Order of José Matías Delgado, then El Salvador's highest order, to the six Jesuits murdered by the Salvadoran military in 1989 during the civil war. The orders were given to the victims' families and friends. Funes states that the awards "signify [...] removing a thick veil of darkness and lies to let in the light of justice and truth" ("significa [...] retirar un velo espeso de oscuridad y mentiras para dejar entrar la luz de la justicia y la verdad").[35][36]

Several people observing Óscar Romero's beatification ceremony
Funes (far-right) at the beatification ceremony of Óscar Romero in 2015

On 16 January 2010 (the 18th anniversary of the end of the Salvadoran Civil War), Funes apologized for Salvadoran government atrocities that occurred during the civil, stating that "in the name of the state of El Salvador, I ask for pardon".[37] Funes also apologized for the 1981 El Mozote massacre in particular. Armando Calderón Sol, a former President of El Salvador from ARENA, criticized Funes' apology, stating that "the State should never apologize" ("el Estado jamás debió pedir perdón").[38]: 91 

On 24 March 2010, Funes apologized for the assassination of Archbishop Óscar Romero on the 30th anniversary of Romero's assassination.[39] Funes declared Romero to be "the spiritual guide of the nation".[40] In 2013, Funes traveled to the Vatican City and met Pope Francis. There, Funes gave Francis a bloodstained portion of Romero's vestment he wore at the time of his assassination.[41] After Funes' presidency, he attended the Romero's beatification ceremony in 2015.[42]

On 12 October 2010 (Columbus Day in El Salvador), Funes apologized to El Salvador's Indigenous community for previous atrocities that the Salvadoran government committed against Indigenous Salvadorans, particularly for mass killings following Anastasio Aquino's rebellion in 1832 and La Matanza in 1932. He described the latter as a "genocide" that forced Indigenous Salvadorans to change their Indigenous names to avoid further persecution.[43]

Post-presidency

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A photograph of Mauricio Funes wearing the presidential sash with Salvador Sánchez Cerén
Funes, wearing El Salvador's presidential sash, with his presidential successor Salvador Sánchez Cerén at Cerén's inauguration

Criminal charges

[edit]

On 10 February 2016, the Salvadoran Supreme Court ruled that Funes would face a civil trial for charges of illegally laundering more than $700,000 in personal bank accounts.[44] Nicaragua granted Funes political asylum, who was accused of illicit enrichment in El Salvador.[45] Mauricio Funes was not able to justify personal transactions of over $600,000.[46] The formal accusation against Funes stated that he and his family increased their assets without justification for an amount of over US$728,000.[47] The income of the President of El Salvador in 2015, one year after Funes left office, was US$5,181.72 per month.[48] On 28 November 2017, El Salvador's second civil court found Funes guilty of illegal enrichment.[49] The sentence was against Funes and his son who was with him in Nicaragua under asylum protection, ordering that they had to restitute $420,000 to the state.[50] In 2019, Interpol rejected twice the arrest request against Funes.[51][52]

On 29 May 2023, Funes was sentenced in absentia to 14 years in prison because of negotiations related to the gang truces he made while in office.[53][54] On 6 July, he was sentenced to an additional six years for tax evasion.[55] In July 2023 he was placed under sanctions by the U.S. State department.[2]

Personal life

[edit]

Family

[edit]

Funes's brother was killed by police during the civil war.[56] His oldest son, Alejandro Funes Velasco, was murdered in Paris, France in 2007 aged 27.[57]

Funes was married to Vanda Pignato, who served as his first lady and as secretary of social inclusion in his cabinet.[58][59] They had one son, Gabriel. In October 2014, Funes publicly acknowledged that he and Pignato had separated.[60] The political asylum granted to Mauricio Funes by the Government of Nicaragua included his partner, Ada Mitchell Guzmán Sigüenza, as well as his three sons.[46] In July 2019, Funes (along with his wife and two sons) became a naturalized citizen of Nicaragua, where he and his immediate family remained in exile beginning in 2016.[61]

Political views

[edit]
Mauricio Funes and Luiz Inácio Lula da Silva shaking hands
Then-presidential candidate Funes with Brazilian president Luiz Lula da Silva in 2008

Funes described himself as center-left[11] and a moderate leftist.[10] He development for leftist ideals during the civil war while interviewing FMLN guerrilla leaders. Funes admired Brazilian president Luiz Inácio Lula da Silva.[11]

Death

[edit]

Funes died following a "serious chronic illness" at a hospital in Managua, Nicaragua, on 21 January 2025, at the age of 65.[62] He experienced a heart attack on 8 January and was subsequently hospitalized.[63] His family decided that he would be buried in Nicaragua.[6]

Electoral history

[edit]
Year Office Party Main opponent and party Votes for Funes Result Swing Ref.
Total % P. ±%
2009 President of El Salvador FMLN Rodrigo Ávila ARENA 1,354,000 51.32 1st N/A Won Gain [3]: 87 

See also

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References

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  1. ^ "Member State: El Salvador – Government Officials". Organization of American States. August 2009. Archived from the original on 10 September 2011. Retrieved 4 January 2025.
  2. ^ a b "State Department sanctions 2 former Salvadoran leaders, dozens of officials in Central America". ABC News. Retrieved 20 July 2023.
  3. ^ a b c d e "Memoria Especial – Elecciones 2009" [Special Memory – 2009 Elections] (PDF). Supreme Electoral Court (in Spanish). San Salvador, El Salvador. June 2009. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2 May 2018. Retrieved 8 August 2025.
  4. ^ a b c d "Mauricio Funes: Una Trayectoria Basade en la Fe y en la Verdad" [Mauricio Funes: A Trajectory Based on Faith and the Truth]. Mauricio Funes Presidente (in Spanish). Archived from the original on 19 March 2009. Retrieved 8 August 2025.
  5. ^ "4 Awards for Latin American Coverage". The New York Times. 27 October 1994. p. 3. Retrieved 12 May 2010.
  6. ^ a b Alemán, Marcos (22 January 2025). "Former El Salvador President Mauricio Funes Who Lived in Exile in Nicaragua Dies at 65". Associated Press. San Salvador, El Salvador. Retrieved 22 January 2025.
  7. ^ a b López Bernal, Carlos (2016). "Schafik Jorge Hándal: Y la Reconfiguración del Frente Farabundo Martí para la Liberación Nacional (1992–2014)" [Schafik Jorge Hándal: And the Reconfiguration of the Farabundo Martí National Liberation Front (1992–2014)]. In González Arana, Roberto; Schneider, Alejandro (eds.). Sociedades en Conflicto: Movimientos Sociales y Movimientos Armados en América Latina [Societies in Conflict: Social Movements and Armed Movements in Latin America] (in Spanish). Latin American Council of Social Sciences. pp. 95–118. doi:10.2307/j.ctvtxw20d.9. ISBN 9789877225273. JSTOR j.ctvtxw20d.9. OCLC 961453090.
  8. ^ "Memoria Especial – Elecciones 2004" [Special Memory – 2004 Elections] (PDF). Supreme Electoral Court (in Spanish). San Salvador, El Salvador. June 2004. Archived from the original (PDF) on 30 December 2021. Retrieved 8 August 2025.
  9. ^ M., Fonseca (22 January 2025). "Mauricio Funes, de Periodista a Presidente: Diez Momentos Claves de su Trayectoria" [Mauricio Funes, from Journalist to President: Ten Key Moments in His Trajectory]. El Diario de Hoy (in Spanish). Retrieved 8 August 2025.
  10. ^ a b c d Booth, William (9 March 2009). "In El Salvador Vote, Big Opportunity for Leftists". The Washington Post. San Salvador, El Salvador. Retrieved 11 March 2009.
  11. ^ a b c d Bremer, Catherine; Barrera, Alberto (16 March 2009). Beech, Eric (ed.). "Factbox: Salvadoran President-Elect Mauricio Funes". Reuters. Retrieved 16 March 2009.
  12. ^ "Journalist Mauricio Funes Wins El Salvador Presidency". The Guardian. 16 March 2009. Retrieved 16 March 2009.
  13. ^ "Left-Winger Wins El Salvador Poll". BBC News. 16 March 2009. Retrieved 16 March 2009.
  14. ^ Bernal Ramírez, Luis Guillermo & Quijano de Batres, Ana Elia, eds. (2009). Historia 2 El Salvador [History 2 El Salvador] (PDF). Historia El Salvador (in Spanish). Ministry of Education. ISBN 9789992363683. Archived from the original (PDF) on 13 January 2022. Retrieved 8 August 2025.
  15. ^ a b Goodfriend, Hilary (14 February 2019). "El Salvador's Backslide". North American Congress on Latin America. Archived from the original on 9 December 2024. Retrieved 22 January 2025.
  16. ^ "Leftist Leader Sworn in as President, Reopens Ties with Cuba". France 24. 2 June 2009. Retrieved 8 August 2025.
  17. ^ "Ministros y Viceministros de Estado — Período Junio 2009 – Mayo 2014" [Ministers and Vice Ministers of State — Period June 2009 – May 2014]. Government of El Salvador (in Spanish). Archived from the original on 18 July 2019. Retrieved 8 August 2025.
  18. ^ a b Stephens, Sarah (28 June 2010). "What's Really Happening in El Salvador?". Huffington Post.
  19. ^ A New Chapter for El Salvador: The First Hundred Days of President Mauricio Funes Archived 14 August 2011 at the Wayback Machine. Center for Democracy in the Americas. 9 November 2009
  20. ^ Freedman, Elaine (October 2009). "The First 100 Days: Successes, Silences, Threats, Blackmail… and Challenges". Revista Envío. Retrieved 22 January 2025.
  21. ^ "Split with the past: with Panama's Ricardo Martinelli and EL Salvador's Mauricio Funes both Looking to be paradigms for successful government in the Americas, will ideology take a backseat to ruling from the center?". Thefreelibrary.com.
  22. ^ Education Reform Gets High Marks in El Salvador. Coha.org (5 March 2012). Retrieved on 5 October 2013.
  23. ^ 2012: Transformationsindex Archived 13 November 2012 at the Wayback Machine. Bti-project.org. Retrieved on 5 October 2013.
  24. ^ Ayala, Edgardo (27 July 2011) EL SALVADOR: Growing Tension Between Funes and Ruling Leftwing Party. ipsnews.net
  25. ^ US-El Salvador: Threats to Privatize Education Meet International Resistance. Upsidedownworld.org (29 November 2012). Retrieved on 5 October 2013.
  26. ^ "Desperate search in El Salvador". BBC News. 9 November 2009. Retrieved 22 January 2025.
  27. ^ "Dozens dead in El Salvador flooding, mudslides". NBC News. 8 November 2009. Retrieved 22 January 2025.
  28. ^ Ponce, Carlos (9 February 2010). "La batalla presidencial contra la delincuencia". Elsalvador.com.
  29. ^ Ayala, Edgardo (13 November 2009) EL SALVADOR: More Troops on the Streets to Fight Crime Archived 10 June 2011 at the Wayback Machine. ipsnews.net
  30. ^ Ayala, Edgardo (16 February 2010). "Grupos de exterminio vuelven a El Salvador". Havana Times en español. Havanatimes.org.
  31. ^ "Mauricio Funes le daría toda la publicidad del gobierno a empresa de amigos". Lapagina.com.sv. 10 January 2010.
  32. ^ "Funes defiende asignación publicitaria a Polistepeque". Lapagina.com.sv. 12 January 2010.
  33. ^ "Publicistas en El Salvador piden a Funes cancelar contrato con empresa de su amigo personal". Lapagina.com.sv. 14 January 2010.
  34. ^ Daugherty, Arron (8 February 2016). "Former El Salvador President Denies Giving Perks to Gangs". InSight Crime. Archived from the original on 13 February 2023. Retrieved 23 February 2023.
  35. ^ Lemus, Eric (18 November 2009). "El Salvador Condecora a Jesuitas Asesinados" [El Salvador Decorates Murdered Jesuits]. BBC Mundo (in Spanish). San Salvador, El Salvador. Retrieved 8 August 2025.
  36. ^ Moreno, Margarita (16 November 2009). "Mártires Jesuitas Reciben Orden José Matías Delgado" [Jesuit Martyrs Receive the Order of José Matías Delgado]. Central American University (in Spanish). Retrieved 25 April 2011.
  37. ^ Renteria, Nelson (16 January 2010). Cooney, Peter (ed.). "El Salvador's Funes Apologizes for Civil War Abuses". Reuters. San Salvador, El Salvador. Retrieved 8 August 2025.
  38. ^ López Velásquez, Eugenia (30 June 2017). "Prácticas Autoritarias y Democráticas de Poder en El Salvador. Tendencias en el Pasado y en el Presente" [Authoritarian and Democratic Practices of Power in El Salvador. Tendencies in the Past and in the Present]. Humanities and Social Sciences Magazine (in Spanish) (9). University of El Salvador: 57–94. doi:10.5377/rhcs.v0i9.6624. Archived from the original on 18 October 2022. Retrieved 8 August 2025.
  39. ^ Malkin, Elisabeth (24 March 2010). "El Salvador Leader Apologizes for Archbishop's Assassination". The New York Times. Mexico City, Mexico. Retrieved 23 January 2025.
  40. ^ "El Salvador's Beatified Romero Symbol of New Catholic Church". The Tico Times. San Salvador, El Salvador. 21 May 2015. Retrieved 8 August 2025.
  41. ^ Glatz, Carol (23 May 2013). "El Salvador's Leader Gives Pope Bloodstained relic of Oscar Romero". National Catholic Register. Vatican City. Retrieved 8 August 2025.
  42. ^ Rivas, Violeta (24 May 2015). "Iglesia Espera que Beatificación de Romero Sirva para la Reconciliación" [Church Hopes that Romero's Beatification Serves for Reconciliation]. El Diario de Hoy (in Spanish). Archived from the original on 24 September 2023. Retrieved 8 August 2025.
  43. ^ "Presidente Funes Pide Perdón a Comunidades Indígenas por Persecución y Exterminio de Otros Gobiernos" [President Funes Asks for Forgiveness from Indigenous Communities for Persecution and Extermination by Previous Governments]. El Salvador Noticias (in Spanish). 12 October 2010. Archived from the original on 28 October 2010. Retrieved 8 August 2025.
  44. ^ Renteria, Nelson; Yukhananov, Anna; Shumaker, Lisa (10 February 2016). "Ex-president of El Salvador faces trial over source of $700,000". Reuters. Retrieved 11 May 2017.
  45. ^ "Former El Salvador president granted asylum in Nicaragua, government says". The Guardian. 6 September 2016. Retrieved 27 December 2019 – via www.theguardian.com.
  46. ^ a b "El expresidente de El Salvador Mauricio Funes recibe asilo político en Nicaragua". BBC Mundo. 6 September 2016. Retrieved 27 July 2017.
  47. ^ Delcid, Merlín. "Admiten demanda por presunto enriquecimiento ilícito contra el expresidente Funes de El Salvador". CNN. Retrieved 9 October 2017.
  48. ^ Contreras, Clauria (11 March 2015). "¿Cuál es el presidente que más gana en el mundo?". Revista Estrategia & Negocios. Retrieved 27 July 2017.
  49. ^ "Salvador court finds ex-president Funes illegally enriched himself". Reuters. 28 November 2017. Retrieved 28 November 2017.
  50. ^ "El Salvador: Ex-President Funes guilty of illicit enrichment". ABC News. Retrieved 10 December 2017.
  51. ^ "Interpol rejects El Salvador arrest request for ex-president". AP NEWS. 28 February 2019. Retrieved 2 March 2021.
  52. ^ "El Salvador: No Interpol red notice for ex-President Funes". AP NEWS. 24 September 2018. Retrieved 2 March 2021.
  53. ^ "Ex-El Salvador President Mauricio Funes sentenced to 14 years for negotiating with gangs". AP NEWS. 29 May 2023. Retrieved 29 May 2023.
  54. ^ Renteria, Nelson (29 May 2023). "El Salvador court sentences ex-President Funes to 14 years in prison". Reuters. Retrieved 29 May 2023.
  55. ^ "El Salvador sentences former president to 6 years in jail – DW – 07/06/2023". dw.com. Retrieved 6 July 2023.
  56. ^ "Mauricio Funes: journalist turned El Salvador president". France 24. Retrieved 22 January 2025.
  57. ^ "Fallece en París Alejandro Funes, hijo del periodista Mauricio Funes". Chichicaste (in Spanish). 11 October 2007. Archived from the original on 15 October 2013. Retrieved 11 March 2009.
  58. ^ "Curriculum: Vanda Pignato". Portal de Transparencia. Government of El Salvador. Retrieved 23 January 2025.
  59. ^ Ellingwood, Ken (26 June 2008). "In El Salvador, journalist may lead leftists to center stage". Los Angeles Times. p. 2. Retrieved 11 March 2009.
  60. ^ Corea, Emilio (13 October 2014). "Mauricio Funes confirma estar separado de Vanda Pignato". El Blog. Archived from the original on 3 November 2015. Retrieved 17 January 2016.
  61. ^ "Fugitive Salvadoran Former President Given Nicaragua Citizenship". Voice of America. 30 July 2019. Retrieved 27 December 2019.
  62. ^ "Ex-Salvadoran Leader Mauricio Funes Dies In Nicaragua". Barron's. 22 January 2025. Retrieved 22 January 2025.
  63. ^ "Mauricio Funes, Salvadoran President Who Fled to Nicaragua, Dies at 65". The New York Times. 28 January 2025. Retrieved 28 January 2025.
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Political offices
Preceded by President of El Salvador
2009–2014 		Succeeded by
Party political offices
Preceded by
Schafik Hándal (2004)
 FMLN nominee for President of El Salvador
2009 		Succeeded by
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