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Carlos Humberto Romero

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
In this Spanish name, the first or paternal surname is Romero and the second or maternal family name is Mena.

General
Carlos Humberto Romero
Romero in 1977
72nd President of El Salvador
In office
1 July 1977 – 15 October 1979
Vice PresidentJulio Ernesto Astacio
Preceded byArturo Armando Molina
Succeeded byAdolfo Arnoldo Majano
as Chairman of the Revolutionary Government Junta
37th Minister of Defense and Public Security of El Salvador
In office
1 July 1972 – 1 July 1977
PresidentArturo Armando Molina
Preceded byFidel Torres
Succeeded byFederico Castillo Yanes
Personal details
Born
Carlos Humberto Romero Mena

(1924-02-29)29 February 1924
Chalatenango, El Salvador
Died27 February 2017(2017-02-27) (aged 92)
San Salvador, El Salvador
Political partyNational Conciliation Party
SpouseGloria Guerrero de Romero
Children4
Alma materCaptain General Gerardo Barrios Military School
School of the Americas
OccupationMilitary officer, politician, military attaché
Military service
Allegiance El Salvador
Branch/service Salvadoran Army
Years of service?–1979
RankGeneral
Battles/wars

Carlos Humberto Romero Mena (29 February 1924 – 27 February 2017) was a Salvadoran general and politician who served as President of El Salvador from 1 July 1977 until his overthrow on 15 October 1979. Romero was the final president of the El Salvador's military dictatorship that had ruled since 1931.

Early life

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Carlos Humberto Romero Mena was born on 29 February 1924 in Chalatenango, El Salvador. His parents were José María Romero (who died prior to Romero's birth) and Victoria Mena de Romero.[1]

Military career

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Romero studied at the Captain General Gerardo Barrios Military School and the Command and General Staff School. Romero also traveled to Mexico City to specialize in horse riding.[1] From January to March 1962, Romero attended the School of the Americas in the Panama Canal Zone to study counter-insurgency tactics. During the 1960s, Romero worked as an intelligence officer.[2] Romero did not fight on the frontlines of the 1969 Football War against Honduras.[3]

During his military service, Romero held various command positions over the Cavalry Group and the First Infantry Regiment. He also served as the assistant to the military attaché to the Salvadoran embassy to Mexico, the director of the Weapons and Services School, the head of Personnel of the General Staff of the Armed Forces, the chief of staff of the Armed Forces General Command.[4] Romero attended the inaugurations of Mexican president Gustavo Díaz Ordaz in 1964 and Colombian president Misael Pastrana Borrero in 1970 as a delegate of the Salvadoran government. He also served as a delegate to the 7th Conference of American Armies in 1966 and the 6th Conference of American Intelligence Officers in 1967. In 1973, Romero served as the president of the Central American Defense Council.[1]

Early political career

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Romero was a member of the National Conciliation Party (PCN).[1]

Minister of Defense

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Colonel Arturo Armando Molina won the 1972 presidential election, but the election was marked by fraud.[5][6] On 25 March 1972, rebel military factions that supported National Opposition Union (UNO)[a] candidate José Napoleón Duarte attempted a coup against President General Fidel Sánchez Hernández to prevent Molina from becoming President. Sánchez was captured as was Romero, who was then serving as Sánchez's chief of staff.[8] The coup leaders eventually surrendered as they saw no opportunity for victory and many of its leaders were exiled.[9]

On 1 July 1972, Molina became President of El Salvador.[10] He appointed Romero to serve as Minister of Defense and Public Security.[1] Romero oversaw all police and paramilitary activity.[2] As minister, Romero became an ally of the country's landowning oligarchy as they believed that Romero would be able to protect their interests against communist groups as well as from agrarian reforms proposed by Molina.[11] In February 1973, Romero claimed that he discovered a terrorist plan by the Communist Party of El Salvador (PCES) after several bombings occurred that targeted various businesses' headquarters. This led to the arrests of around 100 members of the Christian Democratic Party (PDC) that had no connections to the PCES or any militant activities.[12]

1977 presidential election

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Ahead of the 1977 presidential election, the PCN evaluated between nominating Romero, Colonel José Guillermo García, and Colonel Carlos Eugenio Vides Casanova as its presidential candidate. The party ultimately chose Romero due to his counter-reformist positions.[13] Romero ran against UNO's Colonel Ernesto Antonio Claramount Roseville.[14] The election was held on 20 February 1977[15] and Romero was declared as the winner.[16] He won 812,281 to Claramount's 394,661 votes.[14][17]

According to historian Michael Krennerich, the election experienced "massive electoral fraud".[14] UNO protested the result of the election and asked the Central Elections Council (CCE) to nullify the result. On 28 February, the National Police attacked an UNO protest against the result at the Plaza Libertad in San Salvador.[16] The ensuing massacre killed up to 200 people, but official government records claim only 8 people were killed.[18] On 2 March, the CCE ratified Romero's victory.[17]

Presidency

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Romero was inaugurated as President of El Salvador on 1 July 1977 alongside Vice President Astacio. Romero's term was scheduled to last for five years until 1982.[1]

Romero appointed a cabinet of 14 ministers. His cabinet ministers were Roberto Chico Duarte as Minister of Planning; Roberto Ortiz Ávalos as Minister of the Economy; René Fuentes Castellanos as Minister of Integration; Agrónomo Rutilio Aguilera as Minister of Agriculture and Livestock; Rafael Flores y Flores as Minister of Justice; Carlos Herrera Rebollo as Minister of Education; César Augusto Escalante as Minister of Public Health and Social Assistance; León Rivas Durán as Minister of Public Works; Colonel Roberto Escobar García as Minister of Labor and Social Forecast; Álvaro Ernesto Martínez as Minister of Foreign Relations; René López Bertrand as Minister of Finance; General Armando Leónidas Rojas as Minister of the Interior; General Federico Castillo Yanes as Minister of Defense and Public Security; and Astacio as Minister of the Presidency.[19]

Political violence

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Romero became President of El Salvador at a time when various leftist militant groups and right-wing death squads engaged in political violence.[20][21] Attacks such as assassinations, kidnappings, and bombings increased during Romero's presidency.[22] Only 12 days after Romero assumed office, former president Colonel Osmín Aguirre y Salinas was assassinated by the Farabundo Martí Popular Liberation Forces (FPL).[23] Some of Romero's military officers were actively involved in death squad activity and commanded groups such as the White Warriors Union.[24]

A photograph of Carlos Humberto Romero and Jimmy Carter talking to each other
Romero with U.S. president Jimmy Carter on 8 September 1977 in Washington, D.C.

The government of U.S. president Jimmy Carter was concerned about the human rights situation of El Salvador due to attacks by death squads on Catholic clergy in the country. In August 1977, Romero met with Patricia Derian (the U.S. assistant secretary of state for democracy, human rights, and labor) and told her that "human rights are respected" in El Salvador.[25] Romero met Carter in Washington, D.C. and Carter remarked that El Salvador's human rights situation had experienced "great progress" since Romero assumed office.[26]

In November 1977, Romero enacted a law that legalized repression against opposition groups.[27]

Romero's time in office was largely characterized by escalating violence and instability. In the late 1970s, political unrest increased, because of El Salvador's severe socio-economic inequalities unaddressed by his government and widespread discontent with government policy culminated in widespread protest and rebellion, which was met with reprisal by government forces. President Romero increased government education spending, but this won him no popularity with the left. The different police, military and government paramilitary forces launched a bloody repression campaign against leftist groups that ended the lives of 4 Catholic priests and numerous leaders and militants of workers and peasant organizations. He is accused of having ordered the student massacre of 30 July 1975. Left-wing armed groups responded to the violence exerted by the State with attacks on the security forces and government officials. The repression plunged the country into a serious social crisis.[citation needed]

Overthrow

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When Nicaraguan president Anastasio Somoza Debayle was overthrown by the Sandinista National Liberation Front in July 1979, U.S. government officials began to privately urge Romero to resign to prevent a similar revolution from occurring against his government. At the same time, elements of the Salvadoran military began conspiring a coup to preserve the military's control of the government. The military also viewed Romero as a diplomatic liability due to his government's poor human rights record.[28] Romero was apparently aware that a coup was being conspired against him and he had his family leave El Salvador to the United States on 14 October 1979.[29]

On 15 October 1979, junior and reformist military officers initiated a coup against Romero. He surrendered and the rebels allowed Romero and several of his government officials to leave El Salvador at 4:30 p.m. for exile in Guatemala.[29][30] The coup was bloodless, and by the end of the day, Romero fled El Salvador for Guatemala.[31] Romero was replaced by the civilian-military Revolutionary Government Junta. Its leaders, Colonels Adolfo Arnoldo Majano and Jaime Abdul Gutiérrez, declared Romero, his ministers, the members of the Legislative Assembly, and the Supreme Court of Justice to be deposed.[29] The United States was welcoming to news of Romero's overthrow.[32] The coup against Romero marks the beginning of the 12-year-long Salvadoran Civil War.[33][34]

Romero was El Salvador's last military president.[35][36]

Personal life

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Romero married Gloria Guerrero and the couple had four children: Carlos Humberto, Luis Felipe, Gloria Valentina, and Roxana Carolina.[1] The FPL assassinated Romero's brother, José Javier (a professor), on 7 September 1979 in Apopa.[37]

Later life and death

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After being deposed, Romero fled El Salvador for exile in Guatemala, however,[38] he later returned to El Salvador and settled in Colonia Escalón, a district of San Salvador.[36]

Romero died to natural causes in Colonia Escalón on 27 February 2017 at 6:00 p.m. at the age of 92, two days before his 93rd birthday.[35][36][38]

Orders and decorations

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Spain

Electoral history

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Year Office Party Main opponent and party Votes for Romero Result Swing Ref.
Total % P. ±%
1977 President of El Salvador PCN Ernesto Claramount UNO 812,281 67.30 1st N/A Won Hold [14]

See also

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Notes

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  1. ^ The National Opposition Union was a coalition composed of the Christian Democratic Party, the National Revolutionary Movement, and the Nationalist Democratic Union.[7]

References

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Citations

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  1. ^ a b c d e f g Leistenschneider & Leistenschneider 1980, p. 249.
  2. ^ a b McClintock 1985, p. 192.
  3. ^ McClintock 1985, p. 235.
  4. ^ Legislative Assembly of El Salvador.
  5. ^ McClintock 1985, pp. 168–169.
  6. ^ Nohlen 2005, p. 288.
  7. ^ Nohlen 2005, pp. 288–289.
  8. ^ McClintock 1985, p. 169.
  9. ^ McClintock 1985, pp. 169–170.
  10. ^ McClintock 1985, p. 170.
  11. ^ Whitfield 1995, p. 69.
  12. ^ McClintock 1985, pp. 171–172.
  13. ^ McClintock 1985, p. 177.
  14. ^ a b c d Nohlen 2005, p. 289.
  15. ^ Nohlen 2005, p. 276.
  16. ^ a b Dutriz Hermanos 1992, p. 9.
  17. ^ a b Diario Oficial 1977, p. 8.
  18. ^ Whitfield 1995, p. 102.
  19. ^ Leistenschneider & Leistenschneider 1980, pp. 249–250.
  20. ^ Dutriz Hermanos 1992, pp. 9–10.
  21. ^ Herman & Brodhead 1984, pp. 101–103.
  22. ^ Haggerty 1990, p. 33.
  23. ^ Dutriz Hermanos 1992, p. 10.
  24. ^ Haggerty 1990, p. 234.
  25. ^ McClintock 1985, pp. 188–190.
  26. ^ McClintock 1985, p. 191.
  27. ^ McClintock 1985, p. 193.
  28. ^ McClintock 1985, pp. 245–246.
  29. ^ a b c McClintock 1985, p. 248.
  30. ^ Herman & Brodhead 1984, p. 104.
  31. ^ Whitfield 1995, p. 100.
  32. ^ Time 1979.
  33. ^ McClintock 1985, pp. 251–252 & 262.
  34. ^ Ram 1983, p. 4.
  35. ^ a b Arias 2017.
  36. ^ a b c La Prensa Gráfica 2017.
  37. ^ Dutriz Hermanos 1992, p. 14.
  38. ^ a b Marroquín 2017.
  39. ^ Boletín Oficial del Estado 1977, p. 21845.

Bibliography

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Books

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Journals

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Newspapers

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Web sources

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Political offices
Preceded by Minister of Defense and Public Security of El Salvador
1972–1977 		Succeeded by
Preceded by President of El Salvador
1977–1979 		Succeeded by
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